Scientific Abstract | Fertility and Sterility

Serum progesterone concentration (P) prior to and after frozen embryo transfer cycles do not correlate with live birth rates in programmed cycles utilizing intramuscular (IM) progesterone for luteal support

October 14th, 2023

Abstract

Objective: While numerous studies have evaluated the relationship between serum progesterone concentration (P) and pregnancy outcomes in programmed frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles with vaginal (PV) progesterone replacement, P is higher with IMP relative to PV, and it remains unknown whether P correlates with success following programmed FET with IM progesterone replacement. The current study aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum progesterone (P) and live birth rates (LBR) in women receiving intramuscular progesterone (IMP) in programmed FET cycles.

Materials & Methods: The study included all single, euploid FET cycles at a single academic center from 2014 to 2022. All patients underwent programmed endometrial preparation cycle with IMP replacement. IMP was started at 50mg once daily (QD) and was increased if P was <18 ng/ml at any time during monitoring. The dose was initially increased to 75mg QD and further increased to 100mg QD if P remained <18 ng/ml. If a patient required a dose increase in a prior cycle, then a higher dose was started in the subsequent cycle(s). Serum P was obtained the day prior to FET, two days after FET and at time of pregnancy test. The primary outcome was live birth following euploid FET. Mixed effects logistic regression model was performed to account for multiple cycles in the same patient for the primary outcome of live birth.

Results: A total of 4731 cycles from 3343 unique patients were analyzed. The mean serum P and interquartile ranges for the day prior to FET, two days after FET and at the time of pregnancy test were 26.57 ng/ml (19.7 - 32.1), 28.95 ng/ml (22.4 - 34.6), and 28.97ng/ml (22.7 - 34.3), respectively. After adjusting for patient age, body mass index, endometrial thickness, embryo grade, embryo development, number of prior cycles and multiple cycles within the same patient, there was no statistically significant association between serum progesterone and live birth rate at each time interval with p values of 0.617, 0.844, and 0.712 for P the day prior to FET, two days after FET and at the time of pregnancy test, respectively.

Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the largest study evaluating the relationship between P and LBR in programmed FET cycles utilizing IMP replacement. While the study was limited by the varying doses of IMP utilized, it indicates that P with IMP, was generally sufficient and was not associated with LBR. Therefore, routine monitoring prior to and following FET may not be indicated when IMP is used. However, given the retrospective nature of this study, additional prospective studies should be performed to further elucidate the relationship between P and pregnancy outcomes in FET cycles using IMP for luteal support.

Impact Statement: Based on these data, LBR is not likely to be associated with serum P concentration in programmed cycles where IMP is used, given the high P generally achieved with IMP administration for FET. Serum P monitoring may not be necessary after initiation of IMP in programmed cycles. Prospective confirmatory studies are needed to confirm these findings.

References:

Mumusoglu S, Polat M, Ozbek IY, Bozdag G, Papanikolaou EG, Esteves SC, Humaidan P, Yarali H. Preparation of the Endometrium for Frozen Embryo Transfer: A Systematic Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Jul 9;12:688237. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.688237. PMID: 34305815; PMCID: PMC8299049.

Manuel Álvarez, Sofía Gaggiotti-Marre, Francisca Martínez, Lluc Coll, Sandra García, Iñaki González-Foruria, Ignacio Rodríguez, Mónica Parriego, Nikolaos P Polyzos, Buenaventura Coroleu, Individualised luteal phase support in artificially prepared frozen embryo transfer cycles based on serum progesterone levels: a prospective cohort study, Human Reproduction, Volume 36, Issue 6, June 2021, Pages 1552–1560.

Melo P, Chung Y, Pickering O, Price MJ, Fishel S, Khairy M, Kingsland C, Lowe P, Petsas G, Rajkhowa M, Sephton V, Tozer A, Wood S, Labarta E, Wilcox M, Devall A, Gallos I, Coomarasamy A. Serum luteal phase progesterone in women undergoing frozen embryo transfer in assisted conception: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 2021 Dec;116(6):1534-1556. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.07.002. Epub 2021 Aug 10. PMID: 34384594.

Devine K, Richter KS, Jahandideh S, Widra EA, McKeeby JL. Intramuscular progesterone optimizes live birth from programmed frozen embryo transfer: a randomized clinical trial. Fertil Steril. 2021 Sep;116(3):633-643. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.04.013. Epub 2021 May 13. PMID: 33992421.

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